In recent years, professionals working with children and young people have become increasingly aware of the need for trauma-informed, relationship-based approaches to care. One such model—Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy (DDP)—has gained widespread recognition for its effectiveness in helping children with complex trauma and attachment difficulties. Developed by Dr Dan Hughes, DDP is both a therapeutic approach and a way of relating that supports healing through connection, safety, and attuned caregiving.
What is Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy?
Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy (DDP) is a clinical model designed for children and adolescents who have experienced early life trauma, neglect, or disrupted attachment relationships. These children often struggle with emotional regulation, trust, and connection due to their early relational experiences.
DDP provides a safe therapeutic space where children and their caregivers are supported together. The approach helps children process difficult experiences while strengthening the attachment relationship with their parent or carer. Central to this work is the idea that healing happens in the context of safe, trusting relationships.
Core Principles of DDP
At the heart of DDP is the belief that relationships—particularly caregiving relationships—can be powerful vehicles for healing. Rather than focusing solely on the child, DDP involves both the child and caregiver in therapy sessions whenever possible. The therapist helps both participants co-create safety, make sense of past experiences, and build deeper connection.
The approach is grounded in:
- Attachment theory – understanding how early relationships shape development
- Intersubjectivity – tuning into the child’s inner world
- Neuroscience – recognising how trauma affects the brain and behaviour
A key component of DDP is the PACE model, which stands for Playfulness, Acceptance, Curiosity, and Empathy. These elements shape the therapeutic stance and create emotional safety:
- Playfulness introduces lightness, helping build rapport and positive affect.
- Acceptance helps the child feel valued, even when their behaviour is challenging.
- Curiosity encourages exploration of emotions and meanings without judgement.
- Empathy validates the child’s emotional experience and supports connection.
Together, these principles support regulation, reflection, and relational repair. Professionals interested in applying these strategies can deepen their understanding through DDP training designed for therapeutic, educational, and care settings.
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Who is DDP Designed For?
DDP was developed specifically for children and young people who have experienced developmental trauma, disrupted attachment, or significant early adversity. It is commonly used with:
- Children in foster, kinship, or adoptive placements
- Young people with a history of abuse, neglect, or complex trauma
- Families experiencing ongoing relational difficulties
DDP is not limited to the therapy room—it also provides a powerful framework for how parents, carers, and professionals can relate to children in everyday settings.
Where is DDP Used?
Due to its relational focus, DDP has been widely implemented across diverse settings, including:
- Therapeutic and clinical services supporting children and families
- Out-of-home care and post-adoption support programs
- Schools and specialist education environments
- Residential care and therapeutic foster care models
- Early intervention and family support services
Its adaptability makes it a valuable addition to trauma-informed practice across sectors.
Is DDP Evidence-Based?
Yes. DDP is underpinned by research in attachment, developmental psychology, and neuroscience. Studies have demonstrated improvements in emotional regulation, attachment security, and behavioural outcomes in children who engage in DDP-based interventions. It is currently used across Australia, the UK, the US, and other countries as a recommended approach for developmental trauma.
How Can Professionals Learn DDP?
Professionals can begin with Level One DDP training, which introduces the theoretical foundations and key skills, including how to use PACE effectively. Level Two training builds on this by offering more in-depth exploration and case-based learning.
These programs are ideal for psychologists, counsellors, social workers, therapists, educators, and those working in out-of-home care or family support services.
Wrapping Up
DDP offers a compassionate, relationship-centred way to support children who have experienced early adversity. By prioritising connection, safety, and attunement, it empowers caregivers and professionals to become part of the healing process. For those seeking to create meaningful change in the lives of children and families, DDP provides both a framework and a practical pathway.
If you’re ready to explore this powerful model, consider enrolling in upcoming training sessions and discover how DDP can transform your practice with children and families affected by trauma and attachment disruption.
